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THERMODYNAMICS - THEORY

    Entropy Change of Pure Substances

The Entropy of a Pure Substance Determined by Tables
 

The entropy of a pure substance is determined from tables in the same manner as other properties such as v, u, and h. The value of entropy at a specified state is determined just like any other property.

  • Compressed liquid: from tables
  • Saturated liquid (sf): from tables
  • Saturated mixture: s = sf + xsfg
    where
          x = quality
          sfg = sg - sf
  • Saturated vapor (sg): from tables
  • Superheated vapor: from tables

If the compressed liquid data are not available, the entropy of the compressed liquid can be approximated by the saturated liquid at the same temperature.

      scompressed@T,P = sf@T

     
Saturated Water Temperature Table
Saturated Water Pressure Table
Superheated Steam Table
Water Tables
   
  Entropy Change of Solids and Liquids
   

For an incompressible substances, the specific volume does not change during a process. That is,

      dv = 0

The internal energy of an incompressible substance is

      du = c(T) dT

Most solids and liquids can be approximated as incompressible substances. The entropy change of solids and liquids can be obtained by applying the above two equations to the first Tds equation.

      

The entropy change during a process 1-2 is

      

     

Constant Specific Heat Used in Small Temperature Interval
 

If the temperature variation (T2 - T1) is small over the entire process, an average specific heat (cave) is used and treated as a constant (constant-specific-heats assumption). Then the entropy change can be evaluated by

      

     
    Entropy Change of Ideal Gases
   

The property relations for ideal gases are:

      pv = RT
      du = cvdT
      dh = cPdT

The first relation of entropy change for ideal gases is obtained by replacing P by RT/v and du by cvdT in the first Tds equation:

      Tds = du + Pdv
            = cvdT + RTdv/v

      ds = cvdT/T + Rdv/v

Integrating ds from state 1 to state 2 gives the first relation of entropy change for ideal gases.

      

The second relation of entropy change for ideal gases is obtained by replacing v by RT/P and dh by cPdT in the second Tds equation:

      Tds = dh - vdP
            = cPdT - RTdP/P

      ds = cPdT/T - RdP/P

Integrating ds from state 1 to state 2 gives the second relation of entropy change for ideal gases.

      

A common approximation is made by assuming that the specific heats of ideal gases are constants if the temperature variation is small (constant-specific-heats assumption). Replacing cv and cP with constants cv,av and cP,av in the first and second relations of entropy change and integrating from state 1 to state 2 gives,

      

     


Function s0 is a Function of
Temperature only

Ideal-gas Properties of Air Table


Approximate Analysis and
Exact Analysis of Entropy Change
during a Cooling Process

 

If the temperature variation is large, the variation of specific heats with temperature should be considered and relations between cv(T), cP(T) and temperature are needed to integrate the first and second relations. For convenience, a function s0, standard-state entropy, is defined as

      

s0 is a function of temperature only and is tabulated with temperature. Absolute zero is used as the reference temperature.

Replacing T as T1 and T2 in the above definition gives

      

Then the entropy change of ideal gases during a process 1-2 is